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Planning
Context in Montgomery County Population and Demographics Who Lives in Montgomery County? Montgomery County is Maryland’s most populated jurisdiction. In 1997, Montgomery County had a population of 823,500[1]. U.S. Census data for 2000 shows a population of 873,341, an increase of 15.4% since 1990. During the same period, the State of Maryland’s total population grew by 11%. County population is projected to grow to more than 975,000 by 2015. A good example of the pace of population growth in the county is the fact that the population of Germantown was 3,000 in 1970. Today it is more than 65,000. This population is characterized as follows:
In 1999, the median sale price for a new single family detached home reached an all-time high of $364,195. A new townhouse had a median sale price of $212,217.[4] The median sale prices for existing homes were $243,000 and $139,000 for single-family and townhouse units respectively. The average monthly turnover rent for market rate multifamily apartments also reached an all time high of $928 in April 2000.[5] There is very little available affordable housing in the Washington, DC metropolitan region. Montgomery County has an active program to build affordable housing, but it remains in short supply. Implication for the Cultural Plan: Montgomery County residents fit the traditional profile of arts and humanities program patrons. These individuals are affluent and well educated. While only 36% of households in the county have children, children of affluent and well-educated parents nonetheless represent an important market for arts and humanities groups. Well-proven marketing techniques can be used to attract these audiences. Special outreach could be conducted through the schools in order to attract new audiences through appealing programs specifically designed for school-age children. Finally, programs that reflect the many culturally diverse groups in Montgomery County could appeal to newly arrived populations. An Active Citizenry Montgomery County has an active and politically aware populace. Public hearings on local issues routinely draw hundreds of citizens wishing to express their opinions. Although much of Montgomery County is highly urbanized, very little of the county has incorporated into separate municipalities with the exception of Rockville, Gaithersburg and Takoma Park. Even urban areas like Bethesda and Silver Spring are located in unincorporated areas of the county and have never become cities. This is typical in Maryland where counties are the strongest form of local government and local municipalities, other than the City of Baltimore, are few and far between. Implication for the Cultural Plan: Cities are traditionally the providers of funding for the arts and humanities at the local government level. However, most of the citizens of Montgomery County do not reside in incorporated areas. There are few cities, as is typical in Maryland but not in other areas of the country. This means that County government must support services that in other parts of the country are not generally in the purview of counties, such as financial support of cultural institutions and the building of arts facilities. Regional Identity Montgomery County is adjacent to the District of Columbia and is 34 miles southwest of Baltimore. The county’s major business concentrations occur inside the Capital Beltway and along the I-270 corridor. The fact that the county is immediately adjacent to the nation’s capital, abutting the northern boundary of Washington, DC, is both a blessing and a curse for the arts and humanities. On the one hand, DC has provided a stable economic base for the region and is the home of many institutions of national and international stature. On the other hand, the shadow of these institutions has no doubt inhibited the development of indigenous social, cultural and philanthropic institutions in Montgomery County. Implication for the Cultural Plan: Montgomery County’s cultural
institutions must find a “niche” that will allow them to thrive
without head-to-head competition with the much larger and better funded
cultural groups in Washington, DC. This might take the form of specialized
artistic products, programs that appeal to families or particular audiences,
or programs that take advantage of local history. They also have the advantage
of being more accessible to most local residents than DC locations. For many years, Montgomery County had been a bedroom community for federal government workers. With the downsizing of the federal government and the growth of new biotech, telecommunications and internet commerce, the county is less dependent on Washington, DC, as the urban center of economic, social and cultural life. Almost 60% of Montgomery County residents work in the county. Transportation is a very significant issue in the county. Eighty-two percent (82%) of workers drive their automobiles to work and 72.5% of these individuals drive alone. Only 13.2% use public transit or Metro rail. For the last three years, the Washington region has been ranked the second most congested metropolitan region in the country, behind Los Angeles. In 1996, the region also ranked first in the number of hours each person spends sitting in traffic. Implication for the Cultural Plan: During the planning process, county
residents who live beyond the communities that immediately abut DC expressed
an unwillingness to travel to DC in the evenings to attend cultural events.
Although residents of Bethesda and Silver Spring may find it equally convenient
to attend events in DC or in Montgomery County, residents of outlying
areas, where population is rapidly growing, are looking for events closer
to home. Montgomery County cultural institutions can use these travel
distances to advantage in offering cultural events and programs that are
easier to reach. Furthermore, new cultural facilities should be located
on major transportation corridors, convenient to parking and public transportation. Despite federal government downsizing, the Washington area’s economy has been expanding steadily. Capital investment is rising, and the region’s housing, retail and office markets are among the hottest in the country. The region has seen remarkably low unemployment rates, poverty levels, and crime rates. While the local economy appears to be slowing, mirroring the national economic situation, the outlook remains strong and stable. Employment patterns:
1996 Household Income (1997 Census Update Survey)
This is not to suggest that there is no economic distress in Montgomery County. For example, in 1997, 28,380 elementary and secondary school students (or 23 % of the public school enrollment) were eligible for free and reduced-cost meals. The Washington region is a “region that is divided – by income, race, job growth, and the type of public investment. The dividing line runs along 16th Street, NW in the District of Columbia, and along I-95 in Maryland and Virginia. For the most part, middle- and upper-income families, substantial public and private investments, and economic expansion are found on the west side of this line, while lower-income families, minorities, and little or no job growth are found on the east side of this divide. Of course, not every west-end community is affluent, and not every eastern community is struggling. But the trends indicate an east-west fault line.”[6] The Washington metropolitan area has established industries including tele-communications, defense-related businesses and major concentrations of federal, state and local government activities. The growth of new industries in the area has created a distinct identity comparable to the Silicon Valley, in Northern California. The DC area has become an important center for the biotech field, due in no small part to proximity to the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation. Celera, the Rockville-based corporation that has recently announced completion of the sequencing of the entire 3.2 billion genes contained in the human genome, is an example of this type of enterprise. According to the Montgomery Business Gazette, in 1999 the largest private employers were Marriott International, Adventist Health Care, Giant Food, Verizon, Hughes Network Systems, Lockheed Martin, IBM, Lockheed Martin Corporation, Sodexho Marriott Services, and Holy Cross Health. The Planning Board’s Research and Technology Center reports that 26% of the members of the workforce are employed by government entities including County government, Montgomery County Public Schools, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Food and Drug Administration, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission as well as federal agencies located outside the county. Eleven percent of workers are self-employed and thirteen percent work in the nonprofit sector. Implication for the Cultural Plan: The concentration of “new economy” industries in Montgomery County promises a strong, vibrant economy in the region for years to come. It suggests that corporate and personal wealth to support philanthropic causes will be present. On the other hand, experience from around the nation indicates that these new enterprises are in the early stages of their business life cycles and that they are concentrating on business development, rather than civic concerns such as local cultural development. Ways need to be found to involve these corporations and begin to direct their resources to nonprofit arts and humanities events and programs. The Public Sector Local Government Montgomery County was established by a Maryland State Convention in 1776. The county was named after General Richard Montgomery, who never visited the region but was the first American general to die in the Revolutionary War. The County government functioned under the County Commission system until 1948 when voters adopted a charter giving the county home rule and a council-manager form of government. In 1968, voters approved a new charter providing for separate legislative and executive branches of government with legislative power vested in an elected council and executive power in an elected county executive. The new charter was fully implemented in 1970 with the November election of an executive and a council. The County Council is currently composed of nine members, four of whom are nominated and elected by voters from the entire County, and five who are elected by voters in each of the County’s five Council member districts. Terms for the County Executive and County Council are four years. The current County Executive is Douglas M. Duncan The current County Council members are Philip M. Andrews
Nancy Dacek Howard A. Denis Blair G. Ewing Isiah Leggett Marilyn J. Praisner Steven Silverman Michael L. Subin Unlike many counties in the United States, but typical of Maryland, Montgomery County is mostly composed of unincorporated areas. For this reason, Montgomery County government must provide services to residents in the entire county. Services include such traditional city services as arts and culture. The three larger communities that are incorporated--Rockville, Gaithersburg, and Takoma Park, offer a limited array of city services as well. Other incorporated towns are extremely small and rely on the County government for most services. They include Barnesville, Brookeville, Chevy Chase, Village of Friendship Heights, Garrett Park, Glen Echo, Poolesville, Town of Somerset, Washington Grove and Laytonsville. Local Agencies Several public agencies have direct or indirect involvement in the cultural life of the county. Within the County government and directly responsible to the County Executive are the Department of Recreation, the Department of Libraries, the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Public Works and Transportation, the Department of Economic Development, and the Collaboration Council for Children, Youth and Families. The Montgomery County Conference and Visitors Bureau, a nonprofit, membership organization, is funded in part by the County government. Also, the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission, a state-chartered, bi-county agency, functions in Montgomery County as the Montgomery County Planning Board. In addition, two cities within the county, Rockville and Gaithersburg, have their own agencies that provide cultural services to their residents. Department of Recreation The Department of Recreation has an events and arts team with six full-time staff and a budget of $900,000 of which 90% is devoted to the arts. It operates 15 community centers, all of which have an arts component, arts summer camps, arts programs for seniors, as well as arts programs for individual with disabilities. The Recreation Department also sponsors several festivals each year, including First Night Montgomery and the Ethnic Heritage Program, with expenditures of about $1 million for these events. Increasingly, emphasis has been placed on creating festivals that showcase the many cultures represented by Montgomery County’s diverse population. Almost every event sponsored by the Recreation Department has an arts component. An important role for the Recreation Department is its oversight of the budget of the Arts and Humanities Council and the Public Arts Trust administered by the Arts and Humanities Council of Montgomery County. Budget requests are submitted to the County Executive via the Recreation Department. Another important function of the Recreation Department is administration of the Cultural Facilities Improvements Grants program. Although part of the County gpvernment’s operating budget, this program provides funding to nonprofit arts and humanities organizations for purchase of equipment, building renovations, and construction of new facilities. Department of Public Libraries Additional services are provided by Friends of the Library, a nonprofit organization with chapters at most of the branch libraries. Many of the activities sponsored by the Friends fit directly into what this plan recognizes as humanities activities, including presentations by authors, book reviews and literary discussions. Department of Public Works and Transportation Department of Health and Human Services Department of Economic Development Recognizing the relationship between cultural infrastructure and economic vitality, the Department of Economic Development played a large role in securing the relocation of the American Film Institute to Silver Spring and obtaining capital support for the new location from the County government. The AFI project points the way to not only enhancing the economic vitality of an individual community, but in promoting the cultural development of the region. Collaboration Council for Children, Youth and Families The Collaboration Council is authorized by state statute and charged by county resolution to be the catalytic leader in improving results for the county’s children by developing an integrated service system. The Council is composed of parents and other advocates for children, individuals, as well as representatives of organizations, public and private providers of services, the United Way, members of the business and faith communities, government leaders and elected officials. One of the Collaboration Council’s current activities is to provide after-school programs for at-risk youth. In cooperation with this effort, the Arts and Humanities Council has committed its funding for at-risk youth services to fund the inclusion of arts activities in the mix of services to be provided. Conference and Visitors Bureau of Montgomery County (CVB) The Conference and Visitors Bureau of Montgomery County (CVB) is a public/private, organization that is supported by the County’s Department of Economic Development, by membership dues, hotel occupancy taxes, state grants and other funding initiatives. Its primary mission is to market, develop and promote tourism in the county. The CVB represents all businesses, small and large that share a common interest in the visitor industry. It distributes materials to visitors and to residents about attractions in the county, including cultural events and historic sites, and promotes the county as an outstanding location for conferences. It operates a web site with tourism information and a Visitor Information Center in Germantown just off of I-270. Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission The Montgomery County Planning Board is the local portion of a bi-county agency – the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission. The Board plans for livable communities by preparing large and small scale plans that provide guidelines for the pattern of future development and by preserving historic resources throughout the county’s 323,000 acres. The Planning Board implements plans through its review of development applications and subdivision applications. The Board’s research center is a comprehensive source of information, data and research on census figures, land use and demographics. In addition, the Historic Preservation Commission and the staff of the Historic Preservation Office are under the purview of the Planning Board. The Board has an ad hoc but effective role in the arts. It has been instrumental in negotiating cultural amenities in exchange for increased density as permitted under the optional method of development in some of the county’s zoning categories. Amenities have included public art, but most significantly have stimulated the development of new cultural facilities. The BlackRock Center for the Arts was made possible by the Planning Board through negotiations with developers of large-scale commercial projects in Germantown. The new Round House Theatre in downtown Bethesda is being constructed by Chevy Chase Bank in an agreement that allows greater density in its new office headquarters. Historic preservation functions at the Planning Board include information, research and recommendations regarding historic preservation in the county, regulatory review of proposed changes to historic properties, management of a small grant program for historic preservation of privately-owned properties, and administration of the Montgomery County property tax credit program that allows 10% of the cost of improvements to historic properties to be deducted from property taxes Arts and Humanities Council of Montgomery County (AHCMC) AHCMC will be discussed in further detail in Chapter 10, but deserves mentioning in the list of agencies that participate in the arts and humanities in the county. AHCMC is established in County Code as the County government’s designated local arts agency. In this role, it provides services to arts and humanities organizations and individual artists and scholars in the county. It administers grant funds appropriated by the County government to support the arts and humanities and also re-grants funds received from the Maryland State Arts Council. AHCMC serves as an advocate for the arts and humanities and works to raise awareness of the many and varied cultural resources in the county. An active volunteer board of directors oversees its activities. City of Rockville Department of Recreation and Parks, Arts Division The City of Rockville Department of Recreation and Parks includes an Arts Division (AD) that offers a wide variety of services to city residents. AD has a staff of two full-time people and relies on numerous volunteers. A nine-member Cultural Arts Commission appointed by the Mayor and Council of Rockville serves as an advisory board. AD oversees four city-sponsored performing groups -- the Rockville Civic Ballet, the Rockville Concert Band, the Rockville Community Chorus and the Rockville Regional Youth Orchestra. AD also provides an entertainment series at Courthouse Square Park, Glenview Mansion, and other sites around the city. Since 1978, staff has operated a public arts program funded by a 1%-for-art ordinance. This program has placed 29 art works in new or renovated facilities and parks. In addition, there is a public art component in the city’s capital improvements program that currently yields more than $40,000 for public art. Two significant cultural facilities are owned and operated by the City of Rockville. These are the Glenview Mansion and the F. Scott Fitzgerald Theatre. The mansion is available for social and community events, and is programmed by the AD staff with cultural events and visual art exhibits throughout the year. The theater is heavily utilized by the city-sponsored performing groups, as well as a number of groups that are regarded as resident companies. These include the Rockville Little Theatre, Rockville Musical Theatre, the Victorian Lyric Opera Company and the National Chamber Orchestra. The theater is available for rental to other groups as dates are available. City of Gaithersburg Cultural Arts Program & Council for the Arts The City of Gaithersburg cultural arts program includes art in public places, concert series, festivals, special activities and annual events. Visual art exhibitions are provided at the Kentlands Mansion Galleries, the City Hall Gallery, the Activity Center at Bohrer Park, and at the Gaithersburg Cultural Arts Center at the renovated historic barn at the Kentlands. The City also organizes an annual exhibit at the Maryland House of Delegates in Annapolis. The Cultural Arts Program also sponsors an Arts in Schools grants program for students enrolled in local schools; collaborates with area institutions such as the Kennedy Center to bring performing artists into the classroom; and arranges performances of national touring companies as well. It sponsors the Gaithersburg Children’s Chorus and, in partnership with the Gaithersburg Regional Library, sponsors an annual program for children ages 4-11 offering a series of five performances of a variety of music, dance, theater and cultures from different countries. In addition, the City presents an International Book Festival, hosts a Community Chorus open to the community, and sponsors an arts festival at the newly-opened cultural center at Kentlands. This center will house the studios of five artists in residence, studio space for visiting artists, space for workshops, slide lectures and gallery space. The upstairs will be home to a 99-seat theater. The City Hall Concert Pavilion is home to a concert series, family theater, Shakespeare in the Park, and other events. The City also has an Art in Public Places Program that develops public art placed throughout the City. Local Colleges and Universities The county is home to several institutions of higher learning that contribute to both the arts and the humanities fabric of the community. They include Montgomery College and local branches of the University of Maryland and Johns Hopkins University. Montgomery College Founded in 1946, Montgomery College provides both two-year degree and non-degree programs to more than 20,000 credit students and 15,000 continuing education students. The first campus was located in Takoma Park. The College has grown to three campuses, with Rockville added in 1965, and Germantown in 1975. The college curriculum includes a wide array of subjects in the arts and humanities. On the Rockville campus, the Robert A. Parilla Performing Arts Center is the best-equipped theater space in the county available for rental to outside groups. It is used approximately one-third of the time for college productions, one-third for programming booked by the college, such as touring companies and nationally or internationally recognized artists, and one-third for rental to community organizations. The majority of these programs are open for attendance by the general community. Several dance companies in the county rely on this space for their performance venues. The College has three formal, professional galleries that regularly schedule national and international artists, as well as public school and local artists, to exhibit art throughout the year. For more than 20 years, the College also has promoted the exhibition of large-scale outdoor sculpture on its campuses. The College offers a variety of dance, ballet, theatre, Summer Dinner Theatre, opera, symphonic music and recitals each year in its theatres, recital halls and performance spaces The Rockville campus also is home to the Paul Peck Humanities Institute, an innovative partnership between Montgomery College and the Smithsonian Institution. Montgomery College and the Smithsonian have created an alliance to enhance teaching and learning of the humanities. The Institute hosts a wide range of scholarly and community-focused activities including an annual faculty seminar led by a Smithsonian scholar-in-residence, museum-based faculty research fellowships, student internships at the Smithsonian, and public lectures and symposia. University of Maryland Shady Grove Center The University of Maryland Shady Grove Center is located near Shady Grove Road and Route 28. As a University System of Maryland (USM) facility, the Shady Grove Center provides classroom space for five degree-granting USM institutions including the University of Maryland, College Park (UMCP). Graduate courses are available in business administration, education, molecular biology and genetics, nursing, professional engineering, and social work. Noncredit professional programs are available in biotechnology, management, and social work. Undergraduate students may apply for dual admission to Montgomery College and the University of Maryland University Center, taking courses at both institutions. Johns Hopkins University, Montgomery County Center This local branch of Johns Hopkins University is located near I-270 and Shady Grove Road. This location offers more than 40 part-time graduate professional degrees and certificates, evening and weekend classes, labs, and a full-service library. Four schools are represented on this campus: Arts and Sciences, Professional Studies in Business and Education, Engineering and Public Health. Recently, arrangements have been made that allow students who have successfully completed two years of study at Montgomery College to transfer to this campus to complete a four-year degree. This location also has conference and meeting rooms that are used to host lectures open to the public and that are made available for outside use. The Cultural Environment
Nonprofit Arts and Humanities Organizations There is a long history of nonprofit organizations established to provide cultural services in the county. Olney Theatre Center, The Writer's Center, Adventure Theatre and Strathmore Hall Arts Center are among those organizations that are more than 25 years old. Nonprofits have flourished in an environment where few cultural services are provided by government entities. An exception is Round House Theatre that began as “Street 70” within the Recreation Department. In keeping with the tradition of non-government involvement in service delivery, Round House Theatre recently underwent a process of privatization that successfully converted the organization into an independent nonprofit. Similarly, there is no history of the Arts and Humanities Council providing services directly to public audiences and this type of service is not contemplated in AHCMC’s mission statement In November 1999, the Arts and Humanities Council of Montgomery County, in collaboration with the Johns Hopkins Institute for Policy Studies and Americans for the Arts, was selected to be included in a national research project to review local support of arts and humanities in the county. This report of this research is entitled The Arts and Humanities in Montgomery County: An Empirical Study. (See Appendix A for a complete copy of the report.) The study found that
The survey findings imply that the arts and humanities community in Montgomery County is still in its formative stage and likely to continue to grow. Limited access to public support, the lack of significant private philanthropy, and the growing need for performance venues raise substantial policy and development issues. A significant number of nonprofit arts organizations in the county are planning or developing new facilities. These include a Silver Spring location for the American Film Institute (AFI), a state-of-the-art concert hall at Strathmore Hall Arts Center, a children’s theatre and center for the Bethesda Academy of Performing Arts (BAPA), a new theater space for Round House Theater, expansion of the Olney Theatre Center for the Arts, the construction of the new BlackRock Center for the Arts, Pyramid Atlantic’s relocation from Prince George’s County to downtown Silver Spring, the renovation of historic Glen Echo Park and the expansion of the Montgomery College campus at Takoma Park to include an arts center. All this growth and construction suggests that the county’s nonprofit arts and humanities sector is experiencing a cultural renaissance. At the same time, many smaller (less than $100,000 in revenues) organizations are still struggling to maintain their programs and enhance them to meet the needs of a diverse community. Several organizations have completed their own demographic and other surveys to help define programs, but there has been no overall comprehensive plan to address the long-term sustainability of cultural organizations and facilities, the value and importance of maintaining the infrastructure of nonprofit cultural groups, and the effect of arts and culture on economic life in the county. Public Support for Nonprofit Cultural Organizations
The Report of the Task Force on the Future of the Arts noted that there had been little support for the arts, both from the corporate sector and from the public sector. It reported organizations relying on earned income for 81% of their revenues. As this plan reports, there still is a very low level of corporate support for cultural organizations in the county. What has changed since 1995 is the commitment of public funding support. Working together with the then-Arts Council, a group of the larger, well-established arts organizations persuaded the County’s elected officials to create a funding stream for “major” arts organizations. These were defined as groups with $100,000 or more in annual revenue. This was an important step in recognizing the County government’s responsibility to help support the development of cultural activities for county residents. Although smaller grants have been made available to organizations with revenues under $100,000, the outcome of the funding system has been that 95% of County government funding has been distributed to about 20 larger organizations. The medium and smaller organizations, relatively unrecognized and only minimally funded in the past, now number more than 280. Thus, while the County government recognized its responsibility to support the nonprofit service providers in the cultural arena, this plan is the first step toward re-structuring the funding system to make it more equitable for groups of all sizes. At the state level, a primary source for the arts in Montgomery County is the Maryland State Arts Council that distributes funds both to the Arts and Humanities Council and to individual nonprofit organizations. In addition, some organizations have received funding from the Maryland Humanities Council. At the federal level, funding for the arts and humanities has been available through the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Department of Education and the Department of Justice. Private Sector Support for Arts and Humanities Organizations Along with the healthy economy of the region, there is evidence of an impressive increase in corporate citizenship. This is a region of givers. It is estimated that Washington-area individuals, foundations and corporations gave over $6.2 billion to charity in 1998. The adjusted gross income of area taxpayers exceeds the national average. As individuals, Washington-area residents are among the most generous in the country, with a record of giving 46% more than the national average. The region’s foundation sector gave more than $771 million in grants in 1999, and that sector is growing rapidly. However, Maryland is dramatically different from other parts of the nation in nonprofit giving. It ranks 43rd in giving among the 50 states. A recent study showed that Marylanders with incomes under $100,000 give above the national average, but Marylanders with incomes over $100,000 are giving below the national average by $2,083. Maryland’s private giving accounts for only four percent of the state’s total nonprofit sector revenue. Despite this dismal record, there have been some generous family and individual gifts to support the arts and humanities in Montgomery County. The capital campaigns of Olney Theatre and the Bethesda Academy of Performing Arts have demonstrated that, with the right project and sophisticated fund-raising, major patrons can be identified and cultivated. Likewise, Paul Peck’s underwriting of the Humanities Institute at Montgomery College represents a very significant individual donation to a local organization that should be recognized and emulated. The annual County Executive’s Ball for the Benefit of the Arts and Humanities also raises private dollars to support local cultural organizations. The Ball was begun in 1984 by County Executive Sidney Kramer and his wife Betty Mae, an ardent supporter of the arts. Held each December, it has been continued by every County Executive since and, in election years, serves as the inaugural ball for the Executive. Originally, it benefited a consortium of large arts organizations. Recently, Barbara Duncan, wife of County Executive Doug Duncan, has expanded the group of organizations receiving support to include smaller organizations and humanities groups. Because it is an important opportunity for people in the business and nonprofit communities to socialize with elected officials, attendance at the Ball is always high. [1] 1997 Census Update Survey, Montgomery County Planning Dept, Research and Technology Center, July 1999 [2] Montgomery County Planning Board, COG Round 6.2, U.S. Census, August 2000 [3] U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (P.L. 94-171) Summary File, Tables PL 1-6 [4] Montgomery County Planning Department, Research and Technology Department [5] Montgomery County Department of Housing and Community Affairs, Rental Vacancy Survey [6] The Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan
Policy, “A Region Divided,” 1999, p.2 |
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